Science VocabularyEarth Beneath Our Feet Vocabulary - quizizz to practice set 1 or enter code 663159
Earthquakes - a sudden and violent shaking of the ground as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action. Rock Cycle - cycle of processes undergone by rocks in the earth's crust, involving igneous intrusion, uplift, erosion, transportation, deposition as sedimentary rock, metamorphism, remelting, and further igneous intrusion Soil - the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles Plate Tectonics - a theory explaining the structure of the earth's crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates that move slowly over the underlying mantle Rock Groups - rocks can be categorized into 3 groups based on how they were formed (igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary) Soil Stewardship - taking care of the land Layers of the Earth - layers of the earth are defined by their composition and density which impacts their position in the earth (crust, mantle, outer core, inner core) Volcano - a mountain or hill that has a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth's crust Convection Currents - the movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which consequently results in transfer of heat Geology - the study of Earth’s physical structure and substance Asthenosphere - a layer of the earth that includes the upper part of the mantle (below the lithosphere) which has the ability to flow due to convection currents and is responsible for plate movement. Lithosphere - a layer of the earth that includes the crust and the upper mantle Tectonic Plates - large pieces of the lithosphere Subduction Zone - an area where one plate sinks beneath another plate due to density Seismic Waves - energy that is produced by the vibrations of the earth’s crust (primary waves, secondary waves, surface waves) Continental Drift - a theory that all the continents were once joined together as the supercontinent, Pangaea. Ring of Fire - the area surrounding the Pacific Plate that has a large amount of volcanoes and earthquakes Convergent Boundary - when plates move towards each other Divergent Boundary - when plates move away from each other Transform Boundary - when plates slide past each other Magma - molten rock found inside the earth Lava - molten rock that reaches the earth’s surface Extrusive - igneous rocks that were formed from lava cooling and hardening Intrusive - igneous rocks that were formed from magma cooling and hardening Mechanical Weathering - the process of breaking down rock by physical means (ex. Ice wedging) Chemical Weathering - the process of breaking down rock through chemical reactions (ex. oxidation) Waves Vocabulary (3 sets) - Energy - how things change and move Mechanical wave - Type of energy wave that needs a medium and is caused by a disturbance or force. Electromagnetic wave - Type of energy that moves in waves that comes from space. Convection - thermal energy transfer through direct contact Conduction - thermal energy transfer through convection currents Radiation - thermal energy transfer through empty space Mechanical Wave movement - energy transfer through a medium Longitudinal Wave movement - a wave vibrating in the direction of propagation. Light - wave energy that is visible Sound - a form of energy that can be heard and travels in waves Medium - Either a solid, liquid or gas where waves can travel Vacuum - An area where there is no air Wavelength - The distance from one crest to another Frequency - The number of waves/second Conductor - Objects that can pass either heat of electricity Insulator - Objects that does not allow heat or electricity to pass through it Electromagnetic spectrum - the range of all types of EM radiation starting from radio waves to gamma rays Set 2 Sound - Form of energy that travels as waves through matter Sound Wave - moving pattern of high and low pressure or vibrations create waves Speed of Sound - How fast sound moves through an object Longitudinal wave - a wave vibrating in the direction of propagation - the way sound moves. Volume - How much sound energy reaches the ears Pitch - How high or low a sound is; determined by frequency of the vibration Loudness - Perception of the amplitude of a sound wave intensity - the amount of energy the wave carries per second through a unit area. Vocal Chords - small band of muscle within the larynx that vibrate to produce the voice Echo - A reflection of sound Doppler effect - As source moves toward the listener, the pitch appears to increase sonar - System for detection of objects under water by emitting sound pulses and measuring the time it takes to reflect back. Decibel (dB) =- How sound is measured Set 3 - Visible Light Energy - wavelengths that are visible to most human eyes Opaque - cannot see through Translucent - allowing light, but not detailed images, to pass through Transparent - allowing light to pass through so that objects behind can be distinctly seen Reflection - throwing back light, heat, or sound without absorbing it. Refraction - change in direction of a wave passing from one medium to another Absorption - transfer of the energy of a wave to matter as the wave passes through it Rainbow - an arch of colors, caused by refraction and dispersion of the sun's light by rain or other water droplets in the atmosphere. Infrared light - electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light, but shorter than radio waves. Visible spectrum - the range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation that is normally visible, from 380 to 760 nm. Concave lens - lens surface curved inward and light will spread out making image smaller and farther. Convex lens - lens bends light rays inward, which results in the object being perceived as larger or closer. Matter Unit Vocabulary Matter Vocabulary - Set 1 and 2 Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space (has volume). Atom: particle that makes up matter. Subatomic particle: What makes up an atom including Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Element: a substance made of atoms that are identical. Density: the amount of a substance that is in a specific amount of space. (Density=mass/volume) Temperature: The measurement of the amount of kinetic (or motion) energy within a substance. Melting Point: The temperature where a substance turns from a solid to a liquid. Boiling Point: The temperature where a substance turns from a liquid to a gas. Solubility: The ability for a substance to dissolve. Solute: The substance that is being dissolved in a solution. Solvent: The substance that is dissolves the solute. Phase Change: The process of a substance going from one phase of matter to another without changing any chemical properties. States of Matter: Four phases of matter that change when Energy is either added or taken away. Solid: Atoms are the most dense and energy is at its lowest state causing movement to be minimal and atoms maintain a defined shape and volume. Liquid: Atoms are more loosely packed and energy has increased so that atoms move in a wavelike manner where atoms do not have a defined shape but do maintain their volume. Gas: Energy is high enough for particles to spread out and move where there is no definite shape or volume. Plasma: State of matter where gas particles become energized and carry a charge. Physical Change: A reversible change in a physical property such as size or shape. Chemical Change: Typically a irreversible change caused by making a new substance through a chemical reaction such as cooking, digesting, rusting, or burning. Element: -a substance made of a single type of atoms. Molecule - formed when two or more atoms of single element chemically join together (share electrons) Compound - When different types of atoms join chemically together (share electrons) Physical Change - when matter changes forms but not chemical identity Chemical Change - Chemical reaction where one substance is altered into a different substances. Reactivity - tendency of a substance to undergo chemical reaction Explosivity - Sudden release of pressure, gas, heat, or light Toxicity - Degree that a substance can damage an organism. Valence Electron - Electron in outer orbital that bonds to make a new compound or molecule Mixture - two or more substances combined that produce no chemical reaction Pure Substance - only one type of atom, molecule, or compound Combustion - Type of reaction between a fuel and an oxidizing agent Space Unit Vocab Set 1 link Space Unit Vocab Set 2 link Due October 18/21 PAST DUE: Scientific Method Set 1 link Scientific Methodology - a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses. Procedure - step by step what you do to conduct an experiment Hypothesis - if then statement that must be provable. Prediction of outcome of experiment. Typically written as a negative (null hypothesis) Observation - must be from one of your 5 senses - see, hear, taste, touch, or smell Inference - what you know based on your observations (example, you smell smoke you infer there is a fire) Dependent variable - what you measure in the experiment. On the y axis when you graph, example - your height as you get older Independent variable - the cause part of the experiment - on the x axis, example 'time' causes you to get taller in the height example from class Control - all the other things that you tro to not let vary (change) when you conduct your experiment. Data Analysis - graphs, diagrams, and words that describe the data Conclusion - short statement of proof or disproof of hypothesis Set 2 scientific equipment - see presentation here |